The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in cosmogony
explaining the formation and evolution of the Solar System, which
suggests that it formed from nebulous material in space. The hypothesis
offers explanations for some of the Solar System's properties, including
the nearly circular and coplanar orbits of the planets, and their motion
in the same direction as the Sun's rotation. According to the
hypothesis, Sun-like stars form over about 100 million years, in
massive, gravitationally unstable clouds of molecular hydrogen (giant
molecular clouds). Matter coalesces to smaller, denser clumps within,
which then proceed to both rotate and collapse, forming stars. Star
formation produces a gaseous protoplanetary disk around the young star,
which may give birth to planets (protoplanetary disk pictured in the
Orion Nebula). The formation of planetary systems is thought to be a
natural result of star formation, with dense terrestrial planets forming
closer to the star and colder giant planets forming further away, beyond
the so-called frost line. Originally applied only to our own Solar
System, the nebular hypothesis is now thought to be at work throughout
the universe.
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